[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":959},["ShallowReactive",2],{"content:\u002F2025\u002F08\u002Fmysql-sql-category":3,"surround:\u002F2025\u002F08\u002Fmysql-sql-category":950},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"categories":927,"date":929,"description":930,"draft":931,"extension":932,"image":933,"meta":934,"navigation":67,"path":936,"permalink":933,"published":933,"readingTime":937,"recommend":933,"references":933,"seo":942,"sitemap":943,"stem":944,"tags":945,"type":948,"updated":929,"__hash__":949},"content\u002Fposts\u002F2025\u002F08\u002Fmysql-sql-category.md","SQL 语句分类：DDL、DML、DQL 与 DCL",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":920},"minimark",[9,17,22,25,280,284,287,459,463,471,733,737,740,827,831,834,916],[10,11,12,16],"p",{},[13,14],"img",{"alt":13,"src":15},"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.jsdelivr.net\u002Fgh\u002Fcodepzj\u002Fimages@main\u002F20250827004852371.png","SQL（Structured Query Language，结构化查询语言）主要用来操作关系型数据库（如 MySQL、PostgreSQL、Oracle、SQL Server 等)。语法分为几大类：",[18,19,21],"h2",{"id":20},"ddl","DDL",[10,23,24],{},"用于定义和管理数据库对象（数据库、表、视图、索引等）。\n常见语法：",[26,27,32],"pre",{"className":28,"code":29,"language":30,"meta":31,"style":31},"language-sql shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark","-- 创建数据库\nCREATE DATABASE db_name;\n\n-- 删除数据库\nDROP DATABASE db_name;\n\n-- 使用数据库\nUSE db_name;\n\n-- 创建表\nCREATE TABLE users (\n    id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,\n    name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,\n    age INT,\n    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP\n);\n\n-- 修改表\nALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN email VARCHAR(100);\n\n-- 删除表\nDROP TABLE users;\n","sql","",[33,34,35,44,62,69,75,86,91,97,105,110,116,134,153,183,195,212,219,224,230,259,264,270],"code",{"__ignoreMap":31},[36,37,40],"span",{"class":38,"data-line":39,"line":39},"line",1,[36,41,43],{"class":42},"sJ8bj","-- 创建数据库\n",[36,45,47,51,54,58],{"class":38,"data-line":46,"line":46},2,[36,48,50],{"class":49},"szBVR","CREATE",[36,52,53],{"class":49}," DATABASE",[36,55,57],{"class":56},"sScJk"," db_name",[36,59,61],{"class":60},"sVt8B",";\n",[36,63,65],{"class":38,"data-line":64,"line":64},3,[36,66,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},true,"\n",[36,70,72],{"class":38,"data-line":71,"line":71},4,[36,73,74],{"class":42},"-- 删除数据库\n",[36,76,78,81,83],{"class":38,"data-line":77,"line":77},5,[36,79,80],{"class":49},"DROP",[36,82,53],{"class":49},[36,84,85],{"class":60}," db_name;\n",[36,87,89],{"class":38,"data-line":88,"line":88},6,[36,90,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,92,94],{"class":38,"data-line":93,"line":93},7,[36,95,96],{"class":42},"-- 使用数据库\n",[36,98,100,103],{"class":38,"data-line":99,"line":99},8,[36,101,102],{"class":49},"USE",[36,104,85],{"class":60},[36,106,108],{"class":38,"data-line":107,"line":107},9,[36,109,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,111,113],{"class":38,"data-line":112,"line":112},10,[36,114,115],{"class":42},"-- 创建表\n",[36,117,119,121,124,127,130],{"class":38,"data-line":118,"line":118},11,[36,120,50],{"class":49},[36,122,123],{"class":49}," TABLE",[36,125,126],{"class":56}," users",[36,128,129],{"class":60}," ",[36,131,133],{"class":132},"sSDpw","(\n",[36,135,137,141,144,147,150],{"class":38,"data-line":136,"line":136},12,[36,138,140],{"class":139},"indent","    ",[36,142,143],{"class":60},"id ",[36,145,146],{"class":49},"INT",[36,148,149],{"class":49}," PRIMARY KEY",[36,151,152],{"class":60}," AUTO_INCREMENT,\n",[36,154,156,158,161,164,168,172,175,177,180],{"class":38,"data-line":155,"line":155},13,[36,157,140],{"class":139},[36,159,160],{"class":49},"name",[36,162,163],{"class":49}," VARCHAR",[36,165,167],{"class":166},"sJX2D","(",[36,169,171],{"class":170},"sj4cs","50",[36,173,174],{"class":166},")",[36,176,129],{"class":60},[36,178,179],{"class":49},"NOT NULL",[36,181,182],{"class":60},",\n",[36,184,186,188,191,193],{"class":38,"data-line":185,"line":185},14,[36,187,140],{"class":139},[36,189,190],{"class":60},"age ",[36,192,146],{"class":49},[36,194,182],{"class":60},[36,196,198,200,203,206,209],{"class":38,"data-line":197,"line":197},15,[36,199,140],{"class":139},[36,201,202],{"class":60},"created_at ",[36,204,205],{"class":49},"TIMESTAMP",[36,207,208],{"class":49}," DEFAULT",[36,210,211],{"class":60}," CURRENT_TIMESTAMP\n",[36,213,215,217],{"class":38,"data-line":214,"line":214},16,[36,216,174],{"class":132},[36,218,61],{"class":60},[36,220,222],{"class":38,"data-line":221,"line":221},17,[36,223,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,225,227],{"class":38,"data-line":226,"line":226},18,[36,228,229],{"class":42},"-- 修改表\n",[36,231,233,236,238,241,244,247,250,252,255,257],{"class":38,"data-line":232,"line":232},19,[36,234,235],{"class":49},"ALTER",[36,237,123],{"class":49},[36,239,240],{"class":60}," users ",[36,242,243],{"class":49},"ADD",[36,245,246],{"class":60}," COLUMN email ",[36,248,249],{"class":49},"VARCHAR",[36,251,167],{"class":132},[36,253,254],{"class":170},"100",[36,256,174],{"class":132},[36,258,61],{"class":60},[36,260,262],{"class":38,"data-line":261,"line":261},20,[36,263,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,265,267],{"class":38,"data-line":266,"line":266},21,[36,268,269],{"class":42},"-- 删除表\n",[36,271,273,275,277],{"class":38,"data-line":272,"line":272},22,[36,274,80],{"class":49},[36,276,123],{"class":49},[36,278,279],{"class":60}," users;\n",[18,281,283],{"id":282},"dml","DML",[10,285,286],{},"用于增删改查表中的数据。",[26,288,290],{"className":28,"code":289,"language":30,"meta":31,"style":31},"-- 插入数据\nINSERT INTO users (name, age, email) VALUES ('Tom', 20, 'tom@test.com');\n\n-- 查询数据\nSELECT id, name, age FROM users WHERE age > 18 ORDER BY age DESC;\n\n-- 更新数据\nUPDATE users SET age = 25 WHERE id = 1;\n\n-- 删除数据\nDELETE FROM users WHERE id = 1;\n",[33,291,292,297,341,345,350,390,394,399,430,434,439],{"__ignoreMap":31},[36,293,294],{"class":38,"data-line":39,"line":39},[36,295,296],{"class":42},"-- 插入数据\n",[36,298,299,302,304,306,308,311,313,315,318,320,322,326,329,332,334,337,339],{"class":38,"data-line":46,"line":46},[36,300,301],{"class":49},"INSERT INTO",[36,303,240],{"class":60},[36,305,167],{"class":132},[36,307,160],{"class":49},[36,309,310],{"class":60},", age, email",[36,312,174],{"class":132},[36,314,129],{"class":60},[36,316,317],{"class":49},"VALUES",[36,319,129],{"class":60},[36,321,167],{"class":132},[36,323,325],{"class":324},"sZZnC","'Tom'",[36,327,328],{"class":60},", ",[36,330,331],{"class":170},"20",[36,333,328],{"class":60},[36,335,336],{"class":324},"'tom@test.com'",[36,338,174],{"class":132},[36,340,61],{"class":60},[36,342,343],{"class":38,"data-line":64,"line":64},[36,344,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,346,347],{"class":38,"data-line":71,"line":71},[36,348,349],{"class":42},"-- 查询数据\n",[36,351,352,355,358,360,363,366,368,371,374,377,380,383,385,388],{"class":38,"data-line":77,"line":77},[36,353,354],{"class":49},"SELECT",[36,356,357],{"class":60}," id, ",[36,359,160],{"class":49},[36,361,362],{"class":60},", age ",[36,364,365],{"class":49},"FROM",[36,367,240],{"class":60},[36,369,370],{"class":49},"WHERE",[36,372,373],{"class":60}," age ",[36,375,376],{"class":49},">",[36,378,379],{"class":170}," 18",[36,381,382],{"class":49}," ORDER BY",[36,384,373],{"class":60},[36,386,387],{"class":49},"DESC",[36,389,61],{"class":60},[36,391,392],{"class":38,"data-line":88,"line":88},[36,393,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,395,396],{"class":38,"data-line":93,"line":93},[36,397,398],{"class":42},"-- 更新数据\n",[36,400,401,404,406,409,411,414,417,420,423,425,428],{"class":38,"data-line":99,"line":99},[36,402,403],{"class":49},"UPDATE",[36,405,240],{"class":60},[36,407,408],{"class":49},"SET",[36,410,373],{"class":60},[36,412,413],{"class":49},"=",[36,415,416],{"class":170}," 25",[36,418,419],{"class":49}," WHERE",[36,421,422],{"class":60}," id ",[36,424,413],{"class":49},[36,426,427],{"class":170}," 1",[36,429,61],{"class":60},[36,431,432],{"class":38,"data-line":107,"line":107},[36,433,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,435,436],{"class":38,"data-line":112,"line":112},[36,437,438],{"class":42},"-- 删除数据\n",[36,440,441,444,447,449,451,453,455,457],{"class":38,"data-line":118,"line":118},[36,442,443],{"class":49},"DELETE",[36,445,446],{"class":49}," FROM",[36,448,240],{"class":60},[36,450,370],{"class":49},[36,452,422],{"class":60},[36,454,413],{"class":49},[36,456,427],{"class":170},[36,458,61],{"class":60},[18,460,462],{"id":461},"dql","DQL",[10,464,465,466,470],{},"DQL 通常指 ",[467,468,469],"strong",{},"SELECT 语句","，主要用于查询数据。",[26,472,474],{"className":28,"code":473,"language":30,"meta":31,"style":31},"-- 基本查询\nSELECT * FROM users;\n\n-- 条件查询\nSELECT name, age FROM users WHERE age BETWEEN 18 AND 30;\n\n-- 聚合函数\nSELECT COUNT(*) AS total_users, AVG(age) AS avg_age FROM users;\n\n-- 分组\nSELECT age, COUNT(*) FROM users GROUP BY age;\n\n-- 多表连接\nSELECT u.name, o.order_no\nFROM users u\nJOIN orders o ON u.id = o.user_id;\n\n-- 子查询\nSELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (SELECT user_id FROM orders);\n",[33,475,476,481,492,496,501,531,535,540,583,587,592,620,624,629,651,658,689,693,698],{"__ignoreMap":31},[36,477,478],{"class":38,"data-line":39,"line":39},[36,479,480],{"class":42},"-- 基本查询\n",[36,482,483,485,488,490],{"class":38,"data-line":46,"line":46},[36,484,354],{"class":49},[36,486,487],{"class":49}," *",[36,489,446],{"class":49},[36,491,279],{"class":60},[36,493,494],{"class":38,"data-line":64,"line":64},[36,495,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,497,498],{"class":38,"data-line":71,"line":71},[36,499,500],{"class":42},"-- 条件查询\n",[36,502,503,505,508,510,512,514,516,518,521,523,526,529],{"class":38,"data-line":77,"line":77},[36,504,354],{"class":49},[36,506,507],{"class":49}," name",[36,509,362],{"class":60},[36,511,365],{"class":49},[36,513,240],{"class":60},[36,515,370],{"class":49},[36,517,373],{"class":60},[36,519,520],{"class":49},"BETWEEN",[36,522,379],{"class":170},[36,524,525],{"class":49}," AND",[36,527,528],{"class":170}," 30",[36,530,61],{"class":60},[36,532,533],{"class":38,"data-line":88,"line":88},[36,534,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,536,537],{"class":38,"data-line":93,"line":93},[36,538,539],{"class":42},"-- 聚合函数\n",[36,541,542,544,547,549,552,554,556,559,562,565,567,570,572,574,576,579,581],{"class":38,"data-line":99,"line":99},[36,543,354],{"class":49},[36,545,546],{"class":170}," COUNT",[36,548,167],{"class":132},[36,550,551],{"class":49},"*",[36,553,174],{"class":132},[36,555,129],{"class":60},[36,557,558],{"class":49},"AS",[36,560,561],{"class":60}," total_users, ",[36,563,564],{"class":170},"AVG",[36,566,167],{"class":132},[36,568,569],{"class":60},"age",[36,571,174],{"class":132},[36,573,129],{"class":60},[36,575,558],{"class":49},[36,577,578],{"class":60}," avg_age ",[36,580,365],{"class":49},[36,582,279],{"class":60},[36,584,585],{"class":38,"data-line":107,"line":107},[36,586,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,588,589],{"class":38,"data-line":112,"line":112},[36,590,591],{"class":42},"-- 分组\n",[36,593,594,596,599,602,604,606,608,610,612,614,617],{"class":38,"data-line":118,"line":118},[36,595,354],{"class":49},[36,597,598],{"class":60}," age, ",[36,600,601],{"class":170},"COUNT",[36,603,167],{"class":132},[36,605,551],{"class":49},[36,607,174],{"class":132},[36,609,129],{"class":60},[36,611,365],{"class":49},[36,613,240],{"class":60},[36,615,616],{"class":49},"GROUP BY",[36,618,619],{"class":60}," age;\n",[36,621,622],{"class":38,"data-line":136,"line":136},[36,623,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,625,626],{"class":38,"data-line":155,"line":155},[36,627,628],{"class":42},"-- 多表连接\n",[36,630,631,633,636,639,641,643,646,648],{"class":38,"data-line":185,"line":185},[36,632,354],{"class":49},[36,634,635],{"class":170}," u",[36,637,638],{"class":60},".",[36,640,160],{"class":170},[36,642,328],{"class":60},[36,644,645],{"class":170},"o",[36,647,638],{"class":60},[36,649,650],{"class":170},"order_no\n",[36,652,653,655],{"class":38,"data-line":197,"line":197},[36,654,365],{"class":49},[36,656,657],{"class":60}," users u\n",[36,659,660,663,666,669,671,673,676,679,682,684,687],{"class":38,"data-line":214,"line":214},[36,661,662],{"class":49},"JOIN",[36,664,665],{"class":60}," orders o ",[36,667,668],{"class":49},"ON",[36,670,635],{"class":170},[36,672,638],{"class":60},[36,674,675],{"class":170},"id",[36,677,678],{"class":49}," =",[36,680,681],{"class":170}," o",[36,683,638],{"class":60},[36,685,686],{"class":170},"user_id",[36,688,61],{"class":60},[36,690,691],{"class":38,"data-line":221,"line":221},[36,692,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,694,695],{"class":38,"data-line":226,"line":226},[36,696,697],{"class":42},"-- 子查询\n",[36,699,700,702,704,706,708,710,712,715,717,719,721,724,726,729,731],{"class":38,"data-line":232,"line":232},[36,701,354],{"class":49},[36,703,487],{"class":49},[36,705,446],{"class":49},[36,707,240],{"class":60},[36,709,370],{"class":49},[36,711,422],{"class":60},[36,713,714],{"class":49},"IN",[36,716,129],{"class":60},[36,718,167],{"class":132},[36,720,354],{"class":49},[36,722,723],{"class":60}," user_id ",[36,725,365],{"class":49},[36,727,728],{"class":60}," orders",[36,730,174],{"class":132},[36,732,61],{"class":60},[18,734,736],{"id":735},"dcl","DCL",[10,738,739],{},"用于权限管理。",[26,741,743],{"className":28,"code":742,"language":30,"meta":31,"style":31},"-- 授权\nGRANT SELECT, INSERT ON db_name.* TO 'user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';\n\n-- 回收权限\nREVOKE INSERT ON db_name.* FROM 'user'@'localhost';\n",[33,744,745,750,794,798,803],{"__ignoreMap":31},[36,746,747],{"class":38,"data-line":39,"line":39},[36,748,749],{"class":42},"-- 授权\n",[36,751,752,755,758,760,763,766,769,771,774,777,780,783,786,789,792],{"class":38,"data-line":46,"line":46},[36,753,754],{"class":49},"GRANT",[36,756,757],{"class":49}," SELECT",[36,759,328],{"class":60},[36,761,762],{"class":49},"INSERT",[36,764,765],{"class":49}," ON",[36,767,768],{"class":60}," db_name.",[36,770,551],{"class":49},[36,772,773],{"class":49}," TO",[36,775,776],{"class":324}," 'user'",[36,778,779],{"class":60},"@",[36,781,782],{"class":324},"'localhost'",[36,784,785],{"class":60}," IDENTIFIED ",[36,787,788],{"class":49},"BY",[36,790,791],{"class":324}," 'password'",[36,793,61],{"class":60},[36,795,796],{"class":38,"data-line":64,"line":64},[36,797,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,799,800],{"class":38,"data-line":71,"line":71},[36,801,802],{"class":42},"-- 回收权限\n",[36,804,805,808,811,813,815,817,819,821,823,825],{"class":38,"data-line":77,"line":77},[36,806,807],{"class":49},"REVOKE",[36,809,810],{"class":49}," INSERT",[36,812,765],{"class":49},[36,814,768],{"class":60},[36,816,551],{"class":49},[36,818,446],{"class":49},[36,820,776],{"class":324},[36,822,779],{"class":60},[36,824,782],{"class":324},[36,826,61],{"class":60},[18,828,830],{"id":829},"tcl","TCL",[10,832,833],{},"用于事务管理。",[26,835,837],{"className":28,"code":836,"language":30,"meta":31,"style":31},"-- 开启事务\nSTART TRANSACTION;\n\n-- 更新数据\nUPDATE users SET age = 30 WHERE id = 2;\n\n-- 提交事务\nCOMMIT;\n\n-- 回滚事务\nROLLBACK;\n",[33,838,839,844,851,855,859,884,888,893,900,904,909],{"__ignoreMap":31},[36,840,841],{"class":38,"data-line":39,"line":39},[36,842,843],{"class":42},"-- 开启事务\n",[36,845,846,849],{"class":38,"data-line":46,"line":46},[36,847,848],{"class":49},"START TRANSACTION",[36,850,61],{"class":60},[36,852,853],{"class":38,"data-line":64,"line":64},[36,854,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,856,857],{"class":38,"data-line":71,"line":71},[36,858,398],{"class":42},[36,860,861,863,865,867,869,871,873,875,877,879,882],{"class":38,"data-line":77,"line":77},[36,862,403],{"class":49},[36,864,240],{"class":60},[36,866,408],{"class":49},[36,868,373],{"class":60},[36,870,413],{"class":49},[36,872,528],{"class":170},[36,874,419],{"class":49},[36,876,422],{"class":60},[36,878,413],{"class":49},[36,880,881],{"class":170}," 2",[36,883,61],{"class":60},[36,885,886],{"class":38,"data-line":88,"line":88},[36,887,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,889,890],{"class":38,"data-line":93,"line":93},[36,891,892],{"class":42},"-- 提交事务\n",[36,894,895,898],{"class":38,"data-line":99,"line":99},[36,896,897],{"class":49},"COMMIT",[36,899,61],{"class":60},[36,901,902],{"class":38,"data-line":107,"line":107},[36,903,68],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":67},[36,905,906],{"class":38,"data-line":112,"line":112},[36,907,908],{"class":42},"-- 回滚事务\n",[36,910,911,914],{"class":38,"data-line":118,"line":118},[36,912,913],{"class":49},"ROLLBACK",[36,915,61],{"class":60},[917,918,919],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sJ8bj, html code.shiki .sJ8bj{--shiki-default:#6A737D;--shiki-dark:#6A737D}html pre.shiki code .szBVR, html code.shiki .szBVR{--shiki-default:#D73A49;--shiki-dark:#F97583}html pre.shiki code .sScJk, html code.shiki .sScJk{--shiki-default:#6F42C1;--shiki-dark:#B392F0}html pre.shiki code .sVt8B, html code.shiki .sVt8B{--shiki-default:#24292E;--shiki-dark:#E1E4E8}html pre.shiki code .sSDpw, html code.shiki .sSDpw{--shiki-default:#005cc5;--shiki-dark:#79b8ff}html pre.shiki code .sJX2D, html code.shiki .sJX2D{--shiki-default:#e36209;--shiki-dark:#ffab70}html pre.shiki code .sj4cs, html code.shiki .sj4cs{--shiki-default:#005CC5;--shiki-dark:#79B8FF}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sZZnC, html code.shiki .sZZnC{--shiki-default:#032F62;--shiki-dark:#9ECBFF}",{"title":31,"searchDepth":71,"depth":71,"links":921},[922,923,924,925,926],{"id":20,"depth":46,"text":21},{"id":282,"depth":46,"text":283},{"id":461,"depth":46,"text":462},{"id":735,"depth":46,"text":736},{"id":829,"depth":46,"text":830},[928],"数据库","2025-08-26","介绍 DDL、DML、DQL、DCL 和 TCL 等 SQL 语句分类，并列举常见操作示例。",false,"md",null,{"slots":935},{},"\u002F2025\u002F08\u002Fmysql-sql-category",{"text":938,"minutes":939,"time":940,"words":941},"2 min read",1.805,108300,361,{"title":5,"description":930},{"loc":936},"posts\u002F2025\u002F08\u002Fmysql-sql-category",[946,947],"MySQL","数据库索引","tech","RzGFM2vceTmMUHVVljR7bzlwbS8mFqDcTtG9MIvkCSE",[951,955],{"title":952,"path":953,"stem":954,"date":929,"type":948,"children":-1},"MySQL 流程控制函数","\u002F2025\u002F08\u002Fmysql-progress-function","posts\u002F2025\u002F08\u002Fmysql-progress-function",{"title":956,"path":957,"stem":958,"date":929,"type":948,"children":-1},"MySQL 常用字符串函数","\u002F2025\u002F08\u002Fmysql-string-function","posts\u002F2025\u002F08\u002Fmysql-string-function",1786555056144]